Evolution of Autoimmune Retinopathy in Stiff Person Syndrome: A Case Report.

PURPOSE: To report a case of autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) as the presenting feature of Stiff Person Syndrome (SPS) and assess its evolution. OBSERVATIONS: A 35-year-old man presented with progressive, chronic, vision loss. On initial examination, visual acuity measured 20/20 OD and 20/50 OS. Humphrey Visual Field testing (HVF) demonstrated decreased foveal threshold OU. Mild subfoveal ellipsoid zone loss was noted on Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). Five years later the patient presented with painful lower extremity muscle spasms and stiffness and complained of increasing vision loss with difficulty distinguishing colors. OCT showed marked progression of ellipsoid zone loss. Scotoma were demonstrated on HVF and electroretinography demonstrated reduced responses consistent with bilateral severe maculopathy. Serum testing showed autoantibodies to the glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-kilodalton isoform (GAD65) at a high titer and a diagnosis of AIR in the setting of SPS was made. A systemic workup for malignancy was negative. The patient was treated with IVIG and transitioned to rituximab with improvement in systemic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: and Importance: Unlike previous cases of AIR in the setting of SPS, vision symptoms and OCT changes presented years before the onset of muscle spasms. Etiologies such as SPS should be on the differential of unexplained retinopathy, even in the absence of systemic symptoms, especially when paraneoplastic etiologies are ruled out.

Peripapillary Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in Alzheimer's Disease, Mild Cognitive Impairment, and Normal Cognition.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify peripapillary microvascular changes in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this prospective study, 66 eyes of 36 subjects with AD, 119 eyes of 63 with MCI, and 513 eyes of 265 controls with normal cognition were enrolled. Peripapillary capillary perfusion density (CPD), capillary flux index (CFI), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were determined. RESULTS: Average CPD differed significantly between all three groups (P = 0.001), being significantly greater in AD vs controls (0.446 ± 0.015 vs 0.439 ± 0.017, P = 0.001) and MCI vs controls (0.443 ± 0.020 vs 0.439 ± 0.017, P = 0.007) but not AD vs MCI (P = 0.69). CFI and average RNFL thickness did not significantly differ among groups (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Peripapillary CPD is increased in eyes with AD or MCI compared to controls despite similar RNFL thickness. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2024;55:78-84.].

Ultra-Widefield Imaging of the Retinal Macrovasculature in Parkinson Disease Versus Controls With Normal Cognition Using Alpha-Shapes Analysis.

Purpose: To investigate retinal vascular characteristics using ultra-widefield (UWF) scanning laser ophthalmoscopy in Parkinson disease (PD). Methods: Individuals with an expert-confirmed clinical diagnosis of PD and controls with normal cognition without PD underwent Optos California UWF imaging. Patients with diabetes, uncontrolled hypertension, glaucoma, dementia, other movement disorders, or known retinal or optic nerve pathology were excluded. Images were analyzed using Vasculature Assessment and Measurement Platform for Images of the Retina (VAMPIRE-UWF) software, which describes retinal vessel width gradient and tortuosity, provides vascular network fractal dimensions, and conducts alpha-shape analysis to further characterize vascular morphology (complexity, Opαmin; spread, OpA). Results: In the PD cohort, 53 eyes of 38 subjects were assessed; in the control cohort, 51 eyes of 33 subjects were assessed. Eyes with PD had more tortuous retinal arteries in the superotemporal quadrant (P = 0.043). In eyes with PD, alpha-shape analysis revealed decreased OpA, indicating less retinal vasculature spread compared to controls (P = 0.032). Opαmin was decreased in PD (P = 0.044), suggesting increased vascular network complexity. No differences were observed in fractal dimension in any region of interest. Conclusions: This pilot study suggests that retinal vasculature assessment on UWF images using alpha-shape analysis reveals differences in retinal vascular network spread and complexity in PD and may be a more sensitive metric compared to fractal dimension. Translational Relevance: Retinal vasculature assessment using these novel methods may be useful in understanding ocular manifestations of PD and the development of retinal biomarkers.

Differences in Retinal and Choroidal Microvasculature and Structure in Dementia With Lewy Bodies Compared With Normal Cognition.

Purpose: To evaluate the retinal and choroidal microvasculature and structure in individuals with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) compared with controls with normal cognition using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA). Methods: An institutional review board-approved cross-sectional comparison of patients with DLB and cognitively normal controls was performed. The Cirrus HD-OCT 5000 with AngioPlex (Carl Zeiss Meditec) was used to obtain OCT and OCTA images. Results: Thirty-four eyes of 18 patients with DLB and 85 eyes of 48 cognitively normal patients were analyzed. The average capillary perfusion density (CPD) was higher in the DLB group than in the control group (P = .005). The average capillary flux index (CFI) and ganglion cell inner-plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness were lower in the DLB group than in the control group (P = .016 and P = .040, respectively). Conclusions: Patients with DLB had an increased peripapillary CPD, decreased peripapillary CFI, and attenuated GC-IPL thickness compared with those with normal cognition.

Characterizing differences in retinal and choroidal microvasculature and structure in individuals with Huntington's Disease compared to healthy controls: A cross-sectional prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize retinal and choroidal microvascular and structural changes in patients who are gene positive for mutant huntingtin protein (mHtt) with symptoms of Huntington's Disease (HD). METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional comparison of patients who are gene positive for mHtt and exhibit symptoms of HD, either motor manifest or prodromal (HD group), and cognitively normal individuals without a family history of HD (control group). HD patients were diagnosed by Duke movement disorder neurologists based on the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS). Fovea and optic nerve centered OCT and OCTA images were captured using Zeiss Cirrus HD-5000 with AngioPlex. Outcome metrics included central subfield thickness (CST), peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) thickness, ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness, and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) on OCT, and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area, vessel density (VD), perfusion density (PD), capillary perfusion density (CPD), and capillary flux index (CFI) on OCTA. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were used to account for inter-eye correlation. RESULTS: Forty-four eyes of 23 patients in the HD group and 77 eyes of 39 patients in the control group were analyzed. Average GCIPL thickness and FAZ area were decreased in the HD group compared to controls (p = 0.001, p < 0.001). No other imaging metrics were significantly different between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients in the HD group had decreased GCIPL thickness and smaller FAZ area, highlighting the potential use of retinal biomarkers in detecting neurodegenerative changes in HD.

Incident glaucoma and ocular hypertension after periocular and intravitreal steroid injections: a claims-based analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aims to determine the incidence and risk of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension (OHT) following ocular steroid injections using healthcare claims data. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed deidentified insurance claims data from the IBM MarketScan Database to identify 19 156 adult patients with no prior history of glaucoma who received ocular steroid injections between 2011 and 2020. Patient demographics and steroid treatment characteristics were collected. Postinjection glaucoma/OHT development was defined as a new diagnosis of glaucoma/OHT, initiation of glaucoma drops, and/or surgical or laser glaucoma treatment. Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the risk of glaucoma/OHT development within 5 years after first steroid injection. RESULTS: Overall, 3932 (20.5%) patients were diagnosed with new glaucoma/OHT, 3345 (17.5%) started glaucoma drops and 435 (2.27%) required a laser or surgical glaucoma procedure within 5 years of first steroid injection. Triamcinolone subconjunctival injections were associated with a lower risk of glaucoma/OHT development than retrobulbar or intravitreal steroid injections (p<0.001, HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.59 to 0.79), whereas the 0.59 mg fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant had the highest risk of glaucoma/OHT development (p=0.001, HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.34 to 3.02). The risk of glaucoma/OHT development was also higher for patients receiving multiple steroid injections (p<0.001), with the largest increase in risk occurring after three total steroid injections. CONCLUSION: Patients receiving ocular steroid injections are at risk of developing glaucoma/OHT, even with no prior glaucoma/OHT diagnosis or treatment. Patients should be closely monitored for the development of glaucoma following ocular steroid injections, particularly in the setting of intravitreal and/or repeated steroid administration.

Herpetic anterior uveitis following COVID-19 vaccines: a case series.

Purpose: To report a case series of herpetic uveitis following COVID-19 vaccinations. Methods: Demographic, clinical and treatment-related data of herpetic anterior uveitis cases was collected at five tertiary eye hospitals between January 2021 and June 2022. A retrospective database review at one of the centers comparing the number of cases of herpetic eye disease before and after the introduction of COVID-19 vaccination was performed as well. Results: Twenty-four patients (9 female, 15 male) with a mean age of 54 years (range 28-83 years) were diagnosed with herpetic uveitis, reporting an onset of symptoms 3-42 days after the first, second or third dose of COVID-19 vaccination. Median time between vaccination and onset of herpetic eye disease was 10 days (mean 12.7 ± 10.15 days) days. The administered vaccines were BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, BBIBP-CorV and Ad26.COV2.S. The cases included 11 HSV, 10 VZV and 1 CMV anterior uveitis, 2 were not further specified. There was an equal number of first episodes (n = 12, 50%) and recurrent episodes (n = 12, 50%). Response to established regimens was generally good. The retrospective database review revealed the exact same incidence of herpetic uveitis during the pandemic and ongoing vaccination compared to prior SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion: This report includes 24 cases of herpetic anterior uveitis in a temporal relationship to various COVID-19 vaccines. This study supports the potential risk of herpetic eye disease following COVID-19 vaccines, but proof of a direct, causal relationship is missing.

Bilateral Panuveitis in an Adolescent with Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome Due to CTLA4 Haploinsufficiency.

PURPOSE: To describe a case of bilateral panuveitis in an 11-year-old girl with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS) due to CTLA4 haploinsufficiency. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 5-year-old girl developed cervical adenopathy, and autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia consistent with Evan's Syndrome. She was subsequently diagnosed with autosomal dominant CTLA4 haploinsuffciency and treated with immunosuppressants. Ocular symptoms developed 6 years later when she complained of blurry vision and photophobia. There were 3+ anterior chamber cells and 1+ flare, stellate keratic precipitates, and 3+ vitreous cells in both eyes. On fluorescein angiography, there was staining along the arcades and peripheral perivascular leakage in both eyes. On indocyanine green angiography, there were hypofluorescent spots throughout the posterior pole. The inflammation was partially responsive to topical and oral corticosteroids. CONCLUSION: Panuveitis may be associated with ALPS due to CTLA4 haploinsufficiency. Retinal and choroidal involvement should be assessed when anterior chamber inflammation is the presenting sign.

VISUAL AND ANATOMICAL CHANGES AFTER DRUG CESSATION IN PENTOSAN POLYSULFATE SODIUM-ASSOCIATED MACULOPATHY.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to describe a case of development of pentosan polysulfate sodium (PPS)-related maculopathy that exhibited potential improvement in imaging findings after drug cessation. METHODS: This study is a case report. RESULTS: A 66-year-old woman presented with progressive pigmentary maculopathy associated with long-term PPS usage, including development of a choroidal neovascular membrane in her right eye. After discontinuation of PPS, her clinical course was notable for partial subjective and objective improvement in visual acuity, as well as partial improvement in outer retinal architecture on ocular coherence tomography, but persistence of retinal pigment epithelium atrophy and autofluorescence changes. CONCLUSION: The course of retinopathy after discontinuation of PPS has yet to be fully determined and has so far been suggested to be progressive. Anatomical improvements seen in our case suggest that further investigations are warranted to determine whether there is potential for partial reversal of some changes in PPS maculopathy.

Autoimmune Inflammatory Eye Disease: Demystifying Clinical Presentations for the Internist.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Provide a framework for recognizing key symptoms and clinical findings in patients with autoimmune inflammatory eye disease. RECENT FINDINGS: The most common manifestations of autoimmune inflammatory eye disease are episcleritis, scleritis, uveitis (anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis), and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Etiologies can be idiopathic or in association with a systemic autoimmune condition. Referral of patients who may have scleritis is critical for patients presenting with red eyes. Referral of patients who may have uveitis is critical for patients presenting often with floaters and vision complaints. Attention should also be directed to aspects of the history that might suggest a diagnosis of a systemic autoimmune condition, immunosuppression, drug-induced uveitis, or the possibility of a masquerade condition. Infectious etiologies should be ruled out in all cases. Patients with autoimmune inflammatory eye disease may present with ocular or systemic symptoms alone, or in combination. Collaboration with ophthalmologists and other relevant specialists is vital to optimal long-term medical care.

GLP-1 receptor agonists and diabetic retinopathy: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. Recent research suggests that GLP-1 RAs may influence diabetic retinopathy (DR). We searched ClinicalTrials.gov for trials comparing FDA-approved GLP-1 RAs to placebo, insulin, or oral antidiabetic medicine. Rates of DR, ocular adverse events, demographics, and clinical characteristics were compared amongst cohorts on 93 trials. GLP-1 RA use was significantly associated with increased risk of early-stage DR (risk ratio (RR) = 1.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) [1.01, 1.68]) and early-stage retinal adverse events (RR = 1.29, 95% CI [1.01, 1.66]) compared to placebo. Compared to insulin, GLP-1 RA use protected against late-stage DR (RR = 0.38, 95% CI [0.15, 0.98]). Analysis of individual GLP-1 RAs showed that albiglutide is responsible for these trends, as it is significantly associated with a higher risk of early-stage DR (RR = 2.18, 95% CI [1.01, 4.67]) compared to placebo and a lower risk of late-stage DR (RR = 0.25, 95% CI [0.09, 0.70]) compared to insulin. Albiglutide similarly affected retinal and ocular adverse events. Demographic analysis revealed significant differences between GLP-1 RA and comparator groups for age, HbA1c, body weight, BMI, duration of diabetes, sex, race, and ethnicity. The influence of GLP-1 RAs on DR and the eye may depend on the specific GLP-1 RA and patient demographic and clinical characteristics.

Convolutional Neural Network-Based Automated Quality Assessment of OCT and OCT Angiography Image Maps in Individuals With Neurodegenerative Disease.

Purpose: To train and test convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to automate quality assessment of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) images in patients with neurodegenerative disease. Methods: Patients with neurodegenerative disease were enrolled in the Duke Eye Multimodal Imaging in Neurodegenerative Disease Study. Image inputs were ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thickness maps and fovea-centered 6-mm × 6-mm OCTA scans of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP). Two trained graders manually labeled all images for quality (good versus poor). Interrater reliability (IRR) of manual quality assessment was calculated for a subset of each image type. Images were split into train, validation, and test sets in a 70%/15%/15% split. An AlexNet-based CNN was trained using these labels and evaluated with area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUC) and summaries of the confusion matrix. Results: A total of 1465 GC-IPL thickness maps (1217 good and 248 poor quality) and 2689 OCTA scans of the SCP (1797 good and 892 poor quality) served as model inputs. The IRR of quality assessment agreement by two graders was 97% and 90% for the GC-IPL maps and OCTA scans, respectively. The AlexNet-based CNNs trained to assess quality of the GC-IPL images and OCTA scans achieved AUCs of 0.990 and 0.832, respectively. Conclusions: CNNs can be trained to accurately differentiate good- from poor-quality GC-IPL thickness maps and OCTA scans of the macular SCP. Translational Relevance: Since good-quality retinal images are critical for the accurate assessment of microvasculature and structure, incorporating an automated image quality sorter may obviate the need for manual image review.

Rapid regression of idiopathic multifocal choroiditis with intravitreal methotrexate-wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography-based study.

Wide-field optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) results in a patient of idiopathic multifocal choroiditis successfully treated with intravitreal methotrexate injections.

Intrasession Repeatability of OCT Angiography Parameters in Neurodegenerative Disease.

Purpose: To assess the intrasession repeatability of macular OCT angiography (OCTA) parameters in Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Parkinson's disease (PD), and normal cognition (NC). Design: Cross sectional study. Subjects: Patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD, PD, MCI, or NC were imaged. Images with poor quality and of those with diabetes mellitus, glaucoma, or vitreoretinal disease were excluded from analysis. Methods Intervention or Testing: All participants were imaged using the Zeiss Cirrus HD-5000 with AngioPlex (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Software Version 11.0.0.29946) and repeat OCTA images were obtained for both eyes. Perfusion density (PFD), vessel density (VD), and Foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area were measured from 3 × 3 mm and 6 × 6 mm OCTA images centered on the fovea using an ETDRS grid overlay. Main Outcome Measures: Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to quantify repeatability of PFD, VD, and FAZ area measurements obtained from imaging. Results: 3 × 3 mm scans of 22 AD, 40 MCI, 21 PD, and 26 NC participants and 6 × 6 mm scans of 29 AD, 44 MCI, 29 PD, and 30 NC participants were analyzed. Repeatability values ranged from 0.64 (0.49-0.82) for 6 × 6 mm PFD in AD participants to 0.87 (0.67-0.92) for 3 × 3 mm PFD in AD participants. No significant differences were observed in repeatability between NC participants and those with neurodegenerative disease. Conclusions: Overall, similar OCTA repeatability was observed between NC participants and those with neurodegeneration. Regardless of diagnostic group, macular OCTA metrics demonstrated moderate to good repeatability. Financial Disclosures: The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Stepwise approach for fundus imaging in the diagnosis and management of posterior uveitis.

An array of retinochoroid imaging modalities aid in comprehensive evaluation of the immunopathological changes in the retina and choroid, forming the core component for the diagnosis and management of inflammatory disorders such as uveitis. The recent technological breakthroughs have led to the development of imaging platforms that can evaluate the layers of retina and choroid and the structural and functional alteration in these tissues. Ophthalmologists heavily rely on imaging modalities such as dye-based angiographies (fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography), optical coherence tomography, fundus autofluorescence, as well as dye-less angiography such as optical coherence tomography angiograph,y for establishing a precise diagnosis and understanding the pathophysiology of the diseases. Furthermore, these tools are now being deployed with a 'multimodal' approach for swift and accurate diagnosis. In this comprehensive review, we outline the imaging platforms used for evaluation of posterior uveitis and discuss the organized, algorithmic approach for the assessment of the disorders. Additionally, we provide an insight into disease-specific characteristic pathological changes and the established strategies to rule out disorders with overlapping features on imaging.

0.18 MG FLUOCINOLONE ACETONIDE INSERT FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC POSTOPERATIVE PSEUDOPHAKIC CYSTOID MACULAR EDEMA.

PURPOSE: To report the outcomes of the 0.18 mg fluocinolone acetonide insert (FAi) in the treatment of chronic (>6 months) postoperative cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery. METHODS: This was a retrospective consecutive case series of eyes with chronic postoperative cystoid macular edema treated with the FAi. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, optical coherence tomography metrics, and supplemental therapies were extracted from the charts before and at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 21 months after FAi placement, when available. RESULTS: Nineteen eyes of 13 patients with chronic postoperative cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery underwent FAi placement with an average follow-up of 15.4 months. Ten eyes (52.6%) had a ≥2-line gain in visual acuity. Sixteen eyes (84.2%) had a ≥20% reduction in optical coherence tomography central subfield thickness. Eight eyes (42.1%) had complete resolution of CME. Improvements in central subfield thickness and visual acuity were sustained throughout individual follow-up. Compared with 18 eyes (94.7%) requiring local corticosteroid supplementation before FAi, only six eyes (31.6%) required supplementation after FAi. Similarly, of the 12 eyes (63.2%) that were on corticosteroid drops before FAi, only 3 (15.8%) required drops after FAi. CONCLUSION: Eyes with chronic postoperative cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery treated with the FAi had improved and sustained visual acuity and optical coherence tomography metrics, along with a reduction in supplemental treatment burden.

Retinal Vascular Changes in Alzheimer's Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study Using Ultra-Widefield Imaging.

Purpose: Retinal microvascular abnormalities measured on retinal images are a potential source of prognostic biomarkers of vascular changes in the neurodegenerating brain. We assessed the presence of these abnormalities in Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) using ultra-widefield (UWF) retinal imaging. Methods: UWF images from 103 participants (28 with Alzheimer's dementia, 30 with MCI, and 45 with normal cognition) underwent analysis to quantify measures of retinal vascular branching complexity, width, and tortuosity. Results: Participants with Alzheimer's dementia displayed increased vessel branching in the midperipheral retina and increased arteriolar thinning. Participants with MCI displayed increased rates of arteriolar and venular thinning and a trend for decreased vessel branching. Conclusions: Statistically significant differences in the retinal vasculature in peripheral regions of the retina were observed among the distinct cognitive stages. However, larger studies are required to establish the clinical importance of our findings. UWF imaging may be a promising modality to assess a larger view of the retinal vasculature to uncover retinal changes in Alzheimer's disease. Translational Relevance: This pilot work reports an investigation into which retinal vasculature measurements may be useful surrogate measures of cognitive decline, as well as technical developments (e.g., measurement standardization), that are first required to establish their recommended use and translational potential.

DELAYED ONSET Cutibacterium (FORMERLY Propionibacterium ) acnes ENDOPHTHALMITIS TRIGGERED BY INTRAVITREAL STEROID INJECTION.

PURPOSE: We report a case of delayed onset Cutibacterium acnes ( C. acnes , formerly Propionibacterium acnes or P. acnes ) endophthalmitis with the onset triggered by intravitreal steroid injection (triamcinolone acetonide) in a pseudophakic patient, 7 years after cataract surgery. METHODS/PATIENTS: A 67-year-old man presented with gradual worsening of vision, eye redness, and photosensitivity that started a month after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection (Triescience, 4 mg/0.1 mL, Alcon Labs, Fort Worth, TX) for cystoid macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion in the right eye. The patient had undergone cataract surgery with intraocular lens in that eye 7 years prior. Examination showed the visual acuity of counting fingers at 3 feet and conjunctival injection, with 2+ anterior chamber cell and 2+ vitreous haze. Uveitis work up including angiotensin-converting enzyme, QuantiFERON Gold, and syphilis IgG screen was negative. Diagnostic pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal injection of antibiotics was performed, and vitreous sample was sent for detailed laboratory analysis. RESULTS: Vitreous fluid analysis was positive for C. acnes and negative for viral, fungal, and malignant cells. Although the patient received intravitreal antibiotics injection twice, the intraocular infection and inflammation persisted which eventually required an intraocular lens and capsular bag removal, followed by insertion of a secondary intraocular lens later. CONCLUSION: Delayed onset C. acnes endophthalmitis may be triggered by an intravitreal steroid injection in pseudophakic patients.

Consensus-based recommendations for optical coherence tomography angiography reporting in uveitis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To establish a consensus in the nomenclature for reporting optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA findings in uveitis. METHODS: The modified Delphi process consisted of two rounds of electronic questionnaires, followed by a face-to-face meeting conducted virtually. Twenty-one items were included for discussion. The three main areas of discussion were: wide field OCTA (WF-OCTA), nomenclature of OCTA findings and OCTA signal attenuation assessment and measurement. Seventeen specialists in uveitis and retinal imaging were selected by the executive committee to constitute the OCTA nomenclature in Uveitis Delphi Study Group. The study endpoint was defined by the degree of consensus for each question: 'strong consensus' was defined as >90% agreement, 'consensus' as 85%-90% and 'near consensus' as >80% but <85%. RESULTS: There was a strong consensus to apply the term 'wide field' to OCTA images measuring over 70° of field of view, to use the terms 'flow deficit' and 'non-detectable flow signal' to describe abnormal OCTA flow signal secondary to slow flow and to vessels displacement respectively, to use the terms 'loose' and 'dense' to describe the appearance of inflammatory choroidal neovascularisation, and to use the percentage of flow signal decrease to measure OCTA ischaemia with a threshold greater than or equal to 30% as a 'large area'. CONCLUSIONS: This study sets up consensus recommendations for reporting OCTA findings in uveitis by an expert panel, which may prove suitable for use in routine clinical care and clinical trials.